![]() 2016 17(2):325-36.Spinal cord stimulation has been a therapeutic option for chronic pain for over 40 years. Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Techniques: A Review of the Literature. The appropriate use of neurostimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system for the treatment of chronic pain and ischemic diseases: the Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications. Mekhail NA, Mathews M, Nageeb F, Guirguis M, Mekhail MN, Cheng J. Effectiveness of cervical spinal cord stimulation for the management of chronic pain. Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: The SENZA-RCT Randomized Controlled Trial. See Chronic Pain As a Disease: Why Does It Still Hurt? Learning as much as possible about spinal cord therapy can help a person decide on the best option to ease chronic pain in the back, neck, or limbs. It is a different experience compared with painkillers or other pain control techniques. Relieving pain with spinal cord stimulation has some drawbacks. Some people find the implanted generator irritating or uncomfortable. Skin irritation may develop near the generator related to charging. Strong interference, such as from a defibrillator or MRI (if the spinal cord stimulation device is not MRI-safe), can damage the generator, leading to severe burns, other serious injury, or death. Scuba diving more than 10 meters below the surface should be avoided, and the doctor should be consulted before entering a hyperbaric chamber. Those using spinal cord stimulation should not take part in activities that add pressure to the body. People using this therapy need to continue working with others on their health care team. Spinal cord stimulation interferes with pain signals sent to the brain, but does not treat the underlying condition. The device should be turned off and the doctor contacted if this occurs. Unwanted changes in stimulation may include a jolting or shocking feeling. Less serious disadvantages of spinal cord stimulation devices include: While complications related to the implanted devices are relatively common, they appear to be declining with advances in technology and surgeons’ skills.Ĥ Deer TR, Mekhail N, Provenzano D, et al. The most common complications were unintended movement (also called migration) of the leads, failed connections in leads, and breakage of leads. One extensive study in the medical literature found 38% of the research participants had device-related problems.ģ Mekhail NA, Mathews M, Nageeb F, Guirguis M, Mekhail MN, Cheng J. Spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve field stimulation are considered generally safe, with the potential risks mainly related to the surgical procedures required for a trial period or long-term therapy.
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![]() ![]() I can't imagine staying emotionally stable if I unexpectedly stumbled across the video. But other than that, it could've been worse for me. The only time I really cringed was when I saw the woman getting shot while pleading for help. By the time I found the video and watched it, much of the shock value was gone for me. I also found a article that featured screenshots of the video, which gave me an idea of what to expect if I ever decided to watch it. When news of the shooting broke, I read as much news articles as I could, and I followed the timeline of events and all the eyewitness accounts. Therefore, I avoided any unexpected surprises when it came to encountering the video. I didn't have social media back then, and I got my news straight from the sources rather than from there. The one-minute 30-second video offers an unnerving first-person view. The shooter’s technique recalls the self-presentation of the man who killed 51 and wounded dozens at a mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March. When I first heard about the shooting, I was absolutely shocked to learn it had been livestreamed, since that obviously had never happened before with a mass shooting. I am quite fortunate to have been well-prepared by the time I decided to check out the video for myself. Violations of these rules will result in a permanent ban. Do not post false or misleading statements related to a mass killing. No misinformation (and/or disinformation).Do not post personally identifying information. LiveLeak aimed to freely host real footage of politics, war, and many other world events and to encourage and foster a culture of citizen journalism. No Personally Identifiable Information. LiveLeak was a British video sharing website, headquartered in London.The site was founded on 31 October 2006, in part by the team behind the shock site which closed on the same day.Do not advertise for your own projects unless given permission by the moderators. Do not repeatedly make low effort posts or otherwise spam the subreddit. Doing so violates our no glorification rule. ![]() Do not refer to the number of victims of a mass murder as a "high score".You must be mature and responsible when using this sub.Do not post content related to conspiracies around occurrences of mass killers. Do not post articles related to political causes such as for/against gun-control legislation, political affiliation, etc. Gifs without informational content will be rejected. No inappropriate humor, eg politically motivated or otherwise.Do not share links to the Christchurch or the Halle livestreams or ask for them in any way.This includes having profile pictures with references to mass murderers or offensive usernames. The purpose of this sub is to discuss the crimes, psychology, and motivations of people who have committed mass killings, not to glorify them. Do not glorify mass killers/mass murderers.Individuals who attempt a mass murder are also allowed. A mass killer is defined as a single individual who commits a crime such that 3 or more individuals are killed in a short period of time, usually in the same physical space. Posts must reference mass killers/mass murderers - or "spree killers".You must be 18+ to participate in r/masskillers. The feel is very clean, organized, and as straightforward as they come. EveryDollar easily has one of the best user experiences around with budgeting. EveryDollar (Paid App)ĮveryDollarallows you to create your first budget in less than 10 minutes and easily track your spending throughout the month. I love the circle graph and the breakdown in percentages.įor a small fee of $6.99 per month, YNAB promises to help you take control of your finances. You can break down your finances over the span of multiple months, as shown above, to see how much of your money is being spent. This is really a great budgeting software that is perfect for someone that does not have a lot of self-control. Unlike Mint, where you can set it and forget it, the budgeting system YNAB will keep you on your toes and force you to budget every single dollar. YNABis one of the fastest-growing budgeting software we have ever seen. They are simple and easy to use to help you get your money under control again. We love that they have so many free templates for you to download and start using. Whether you are looking for a family budget planner, personal budget, money management system, monthly household budget, or a simple budget worksheet Vertex42 has you covered. Vertex42has a huge collection of budgeting templates and worksheets for you to use. If you can’t find a pre-made template that will fit your needs you can always learn how to create your own custom budget template in Excel. Microsoft has a variety of products and services, and their templates range from personal family budgets, monthly budget templates, holiday budget templates, budget calculators, and even wedding budget trackers, they have plenty of free options to use.Įach spreadsheet will come with basic expense categories for different situations, which you can change up how you need very easily. ![]() Microsoft Excelhas some incredible budget templates that you can use if you have Microsoft Office, you can pick a budget spreadsheet for whatever suits your needs. Using a budget spreadsheet is a very hands-on method of budgeting. ![]() This type of template is perfect for individuals that like complete control and are great with numbers. If you love looking at the numbers and tracking every last penny, then a Google Sheets budget spreadsheet will be perfect for you. Google Sheets has plenty of budget templates and spreadsheets to choose from, and unlike Microsoft Office, it’s free with your Gmail account. Of course, Google never lets you down with its products and services! Google Sheets Budget Spreadsheet Template If you get paid biweekly, I also have a free biweekly budget template so you can budget your expenses per paycheck every other week. You can head here to grab our FREE budget template now. We found when you are first getting started with a monthly budget, nothing beats pen and paper, hence why we made a whole budget planner and some templates for you! We even have a meal plan templateas well.Īdd your income at the top, then subtract your fixed costs, variable expenses, debt, and savings, then watch our digital budget auto-calculate your monthly cash flow at the bottom. Our free template is both printable as a budget worksheet and digitally like a spreadsheet that will auto-calculate for you. You can customize and use it for any financial situation! We created our FREE simple budget template to be as straightforward and easy to use as possible. ![]() I made several attempt at building it from a second city on the Med. I'll say take a silver/gold on the coast, but only if marble is nearby.Īfter many attempts at using a marble on the hills one away from the coast, I realized my best production city, my capital, did not permit me to build coastal monuments. You'll never get the pyramids, even if you snag oracle. Don't waste your time with sub-prime starts. ![]() I finally had a start with a marble hill on the coast. ![]() Coastline to the north is far too short of production to ensure you can knock it out in a reasonable amount of time after unlocking it. Having a coastal city for the last monument you will get is incredibly important. After many tries, this seemed the optimum strategy:įirst, starting position. I finally beat this w/ Egypt on Deity, historical. I find it is much better to focus on your capital and building lots of wonders, even at the expense of expanding. ![]() The special victory points for this scenario (building wonders) are so large that any "normal" points for city building pale in comparison (it's also like this in Into the Renaissance). In this scenario you don't need to expand too much (the main benefit is getting access to more luxuries to trade). I was at one or two cities for much of the game (though I eventually went to three or four due to free Legalism monuments). I spent the game Friendly with everyone and no one ever attacked me. As I mentioned, Egypt is far enough away from the other civs that you are unlikely to be attacked for a long time (if ever). A couple of units to eventually fend off barbarians (but that can wait awhile). I did build at least two Scouts and then the Oracle. IIRC, I think I might have gotten my Monument from Legalism. I also needed to go straight for Tradition -> Aristocracy in order to beat the Persians to it. As long as the AI's aren't massively warring with each other, you can beat them to the military wonders (Statue / Lighthouse).Ĭlick to expand.Did you settle on the Marble? Or did you wait until Masonry so you can Quarry it? If you're falling behind, Honor -> Military Tradition can help speed it up. DoW a city state and keep getting bombarded in order to rack up XP. Any gold that you have should be traded to AI's for GPT, since only cumulative GPT counts for unlocking the Temple of Artemis / Colossus. Egypt's innate traits helped me get the cultural wonders fairly early (Pyramids, then Mausoleum). As mentioned, settling on a hill with Marble helped me get the Oracle. Popping the Great General for Honor -> Warrior Code (which eventually leads you to Military Tradition) is nice for accessing the Oracle early. Being able to keep tabs on the other civs with the Oracle was really nice (wish this was a wonder in the standard game). In fact, I was able to build all the wonders but the two technology ones (but I was actually pretty close to getting those). Thanks to the settled Marble, I actually did manage to beat the Persians to the Oracle. Also rerolled until there was Marble on that spot (to give me the instant 15% Wonder bonus). In order to address the lack of production, I settled east on the hills near the coast. I did a lot of rerolling to get the perfect start. One of the nice things about Egypt in this scenario is that you are distant enough from the other AI's that they can't realistically attack you, plus since you are so far from them you have better diplomatic relations with them. I played Egypt on Deity in order to unlock the achievement (based on difficulty level). 3/31/2024 0 Comments Density water![]() Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals ( calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). Ions causing the permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion-exchange column. If this occurs, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate/ calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate/ magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Permanent hardness (mineral content) is generally difficult to remove by boiling. The calcium carbonate may be re-deposited as calcite as the carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere, sometimes forming stalactites and stalagmites.Ĭalcium and magnesium ions can sometimes be removed by water softeners. ![]() Rain containing dissolved carbon dioxide can react with calcium carbonate and carry calcium ions away with it. The following equilibrium reaction describes the dissolving and formation of calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate (on the right):ĬaCO 3 (s) + CO 2 (aq) + H 2O (l) ⇌ Ca 2+ (aq) + 2 HCO − Rainwater and distilled water are soft, because they contain few of these ions. ![]() A common magnesium mineral is dolomite (which also contains calcium). Common calcium-containing minerals are calcite and gypsum. Common cations found in hard water include Ca 2+ and Mg 2+, which frequently enter water supplies by leaching from minerals within aquifers. Usually, the cations have a charge of 2+, i.e., they are divalent. The permanent hardness of water is determined by the water's concentration of cations with charges greater than or equal to 2+. Examples include Snowdonia in Wales and the Western Highlands in Scotland.Īreas with complex geology can produce varying degrees of hardness of water over short distances. Where precipitation falls in drainage basins formed of hard, impervious and calcium-poor rocks, only very low concentrations of divalent cations are found and the water is termed soft water. They may have small concentrations of ions such as sodium, chloride and sulfate derived from wind action over the sea. Natural rainwater, snow and other forms of precipitation typically have low concentrations of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. It can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. ![]() Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.ĭrinking hard water may have moderate health benefits. Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona. Not to be confused with Heavy water or Ice. ![]()
![]() Banana-Bread has been clamoring all week long about wanting a new set of drawers to house her new Batman action figures. Where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the heightīanana, the eldest daughter of a long line of banana farmers, wants to teach her spoiled rotten little sister, Banana-Bread, a lesson about hope and expectations. ![]() The surface area of a rectangular tank is the sum of the area of each of its faces: He is curious whether his heated water cools faster than when in a bathtub, and needs to calculate the surface area of his cylindrical tank of height 5.5 feet and radius of 3.5 feet. Jeremy has a large cylindrical fish tank that he bathes in because he doesn't like showers or bathtubs. The surface area of a closed cylinder can be calculated by summing the total areas of its base and lateral surface: She custom orders a Rubik's Cube in which all the faces are black, and has to pay for the customization based on the surface area of the cube with an edge length of 4 inches. The surface area of a cube can be calculated by summing the total areas of its six square faces:Īnne wants to give her younger brother a Rubik's cube for his birthday, but knows that her brother has a short attention span and is easily frustrated. She determines the surface area of material she needs to create her hat with a radius of 1 foot and a height of 0.5 feet as follows: She decides to make one of her own, and being a very practical person not mired in sentimentality, retrieves her mother's wedding dress from the dark recesses of the wardrobe in which it resides. Where r is the radius and h is the heightĪthena has recently taken an interest in Southeast Asian culture, and is particularly fascinated by the conical hat, typically referred to as a "rice hat," which is commonly used in a number of southeast Asian countries. The equations to calculate each, as well as the total SA of a closed circular cone are shown below: The "base SA" refers to the circle that comprises the base in a closed circular cone, while the lateral SA refers to the rest of the area of the cone between the base and its apex. The surface area of a circular cone can be calculated by summing the surface area of each of its individual components. Given that each truffle has a radius of 0.325 inches: When she receives a box of Lindt truffles, she proceeds to calculate the surface area of each truffle in order to determine the total surface area she has to lick to decrease the probability that anyone will try to eat her truffles. Xael doesn't like sharing her chocolate truffles with anyone. The surface area (SA) of a sphere can be calculated using the equation: Please refer to the aforementioned calculators for more detail on each individual object. As such, this calculator will focus on the equations for calculating the surface area of the objects and the use of these equations. All of the objects addressed in this calculator are described in more detail on the Volume Calculator and Area Calculator pages. The surface area of a solid is a measure of the total area occupied by the surface of an object. Related Volume Calculator | Area Calculator | Body Surface Area Calculator Square Pyramid Surface Area Base Edge (a) Base Radius (r)Ĭonical Frustum Surface Area Top Radius (r) Please provide any two values below to calculate. Ball Surface Area Radius (r)Ĭylindrical Tank Surface Area Base Radius (r) Use the calculators below to calculate the surface area of several common shapes. Therefore, the length of a candy bar is 2 inches.Home / math / surface area calculator Surface Area Calculator The following formula can be used to get the base area of a triangular prism:ġ46014 = 2A + (416) x (350) ġ46014 – 145600 = 2A Therefore, the surface area of the given prism is 140 square centimeters.Įxample 2: A triangular prism has a surface area of 146014 square millimeters, a height of 350 millimeters, and a base perimeter of 416 millimeters, find the area of the base of this prism. The following formula can be used to get the surface area of a triangular prism : ![]() Example 1: If a triangular prism has a base area of 7 square centimeters, a height of 9 centimeters, and a base perimeter of 14 centimeters, what is its surface area? 3/31/2024 0 Comments Dual pump sewage ejector system![]() If only one pump was used, the pump would need to be very large to meet the peak flow requirements, and it would be extremely inefficient at pumping the lower, “daily” flow requirements. While designing for a peak flow requirement makes sense, it is, by definition, in extreme excess of the daily flow rates a lift station must pump. This design requirement is to prevent ever experiencing an overflow scenario. In wastewater and sewer applications, the “peak flow” needs to be able to be pumped by the lift station even if it never happens. ![]() This requirement is something called “peaking factor,” and it describes the maximum flow rate that could potentially ever need to be pumped. The efficiency reasons have to do with a typical design requirement for pumping wastewater. The best answer is that there are efficiency and redundancy reasons for using two pumps over one. The first question you might have about a duplex pump station is why two pumps are necessary. Duplex configurations are often the best engineering solution for wastewater applications. Pump stations can also be designed as simplex, triplex, and up to pentaplex configurations, all depending on how many pumps are required to meet the flow requirements. A duplex configuration means that there are two pumps in the system. The duplex pump configuration is one of the most common configurations in a pump station design, and it provides owners with several benefits. Romtec Utilities designs, engineers, manufactures, and supplies all types of pumping systems for a wide variety of applications. 3/31/2024 0 Comments Geometry rotation rules clockwise![]() By using this calculator, you can efficiently manipulate and reposition objects in a two-dimensional space, making it an essential tool for professionals and enthusiasts alike. Understanding how to transform coordinates through rotation opens up a wide range of applications in fields like computer graphics, engineering, robotics, and physics. The Rotation Calculator is a valuable tool for anyone working with spatial data, graphics, or geometry. For such operations, specialized tools or software may be required. Q3: Are there any limitations to using this calculator?Ī3: While this calculator is excellent for 2D rotations, it may not cover advanced transformation needs, such as shear, scaling, or non-uniform scaling. Q2: What if I want to rotate a point around a different origin?Ī2: To rotate a point around an origin other than (0, 0), you would need to first translate the point to the desired origin, apply the rotation, and then translate it back. For 3D rotations, you would need additional parameters, such as rotation axes and angles. Q1: Can I use this calculator for 3D rotations?Ī1: This calculator is specifically designed for 2D rotations in a Cartesian coordinate system. So, after rotating the point (3, 4) counterclockwise by 45 degrees, you get the new coordinates (-√2, 7√2/2). Suppose you have a point with coordinates (3, 4), and you want to rotate it counterclockwise by 45 degrees (π/4 radians) around the origin (0, 0). Let’s illustrate the concept with an example: Interpret the results: The new coordinates represent the point’s position after the specified rotation.Calculate the new coordinates: The calculator will apply the rotation formula and provide you with the new coordinates (x’, y’).Keep in mind that positive angles correspond to counterclockwise rotation. Specify the rotation angle: Enter the angle of rotation in radians.Input the original coordinates: Enter the initial x and y coordinates of the point you want to rotate.Most often that point or rotation will be the original but it is important to under. ![]() ![]() Using the Rotation Calculator is a straightforward process: Learn how to rotate a figure and different points about a fixed point. (x’, y’) represents the new coordinates after rotation.(x, y) represents the original coordinates of the point.The formula for rotating a point (x, y) by an angle θ counterclockwise around the origin (0, 0) is as follows: This transformation is particularly useful when working with graphics, robotics, and any scenario where you need to manipulate objects or data in a three-dimensional space. In the context of Cartesian coordinates, rotation involves changing the orientation of a point or set of points around a fixed axis or origin. The Rotation Calculator, as the name suggests, is used to transform spatial data by applying rotations. 3/31/2024 0 Comments Who developed the atomic theory![]() This beam was deflected toward the positive charge and away from the negative charge, and was produced in the same way with identical properties when different metals were used for the electrodes. When high voltage was applied across the electrodes, a visible beam called a cathode ray appeared between them. This apparatus consisted of a sealed glass tube from which almost all the air had been removed the tube contained two metal electrodes. If matter were composed of atoms, what were atoms composed of? Were they the smallest particles, or was there something smaller? In the late 1800s, a number of scientists interested in questions like these investigated the electrical discharges that could be produced in low-pressure gases, with the most significant discovery made by English physicist J. Atomic Theory after the Nineteenth Century An important adjustment to Dalton’s Theory: atoms are divisible Much of this came from the results of several seminal experiments that revealed the details of the internal structure of atoms. In the two centuries since Dalton developed his ideas, scientists have made significant progress in furthering our understanding of atomic theory. ![]() Define isotopes and give examples for several elements.Describe the three subatomic particles that compose atoms.Outline milestones in the development of modern atomic theory.By the end of this section, you will be able to: |
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